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芯片90%面积都给了存储 HBM还是喂不饱GPU！原因竟是内存墙越砌越高_我的网站

A |     Vladimir Putin has prepared a cunning new “raw materials trap” relying on Bolivia’s fledgling lithium mining industry, with the trap expected to “snap shut” and leave the West again dependent on Russia for its raw material needs, Welt contributor Tobias Kaufer fears.,Pointing to the Latin American nation’s massive, untapped deposits of lithium, Kaufer expressed concerns over Russia’s interest in helping Sucre tap these resources, which are crucial for the production of batteries for electric vehicles.,According to the US Geological Survey, Bolivia’s proven lithium reserves are the largest in the world, with the country’s 21 million tons ahead of Argentina and Chile (which have 19 and 9.8 million tons-worth of reserves, respectively, and together account for more than 30 percent of global lithium output).,“Those with access to the deposits can have a say in the commodity’s prices and availability. Russia apparently has particularly good chances in Bolivia at the moment,” Kaufer wrote. For Europe, he warned, Moscow’s success in the lithium ‘poker game’ would make the commodity another area where the EU depends on Russia, just like with oil and gas.,Russia’s success will be contingent on “the outcome of the Bolivian political crime thriller,” the contributor stressed, pointing to the raging struggle between President Luis Arce, a member of former president Evo Morales’ Movement for Socialism party, and right-wing forces backed by the US attempting to overthrow leftist forces.,Ex-Bolivian President Jeanine Anez Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison Over 2019 Coup11 June, 01:54 GMT,“This is where Russia comes in. Morales is considered a clear supporter of Vladimir Putin,” Kaufer wrote, recalling the former president’s calls for an “international mobilization to stop the interventionist expansionism of NATO and the United States” in March following the escalation of the crisis in Ukraine, and years of efforts by Sucre to shore up ties with Moscow during his presidency.,“If Moscow now succeeds in supporting the socialist’s return to power, the path to the lithium deposits would be clear. At the very least, Morales could urge President Arce to sign a deal with the Russians,” the Welt contributor believes.,Rosatom, the Russian state nuclear giant, has expressed interest in helping Bolivia tap its lithium riches, and is one of six companies which have applied for their development. Others include Lilac Solutions (a US-based start-up with investments from BMW and Bill Gates’ Breakthrough Energy Ventures), Chinese battery giant CATL, and three other Chinese companies.,Along with its interest in Bolivia’s lithium, Rosatom has teamed up with Norilsk Nickel to mine for lithium ores in Russia’s Murmansk region. Last year, the company also announced plans to build a major lithium ion cell manufacturing facility in Kaliningrad, with the ambitious project hoping to begin churning out up to 4 GWh worth of batteries, or about 0.5 percent of total global demand, by 2024.,Morales' Legacy: Bolivian Joint Nuclear Project With Russia's Rosatom Unique for Latin America10 June 2021, 16:53 GMT。    8月24日消息，美光HBM设计架构研究员拉古·斯里拉马内尼在8月23日斯坦福大学举办的Hot Chips 2026半导体会议上警告，内存墙依然存在，且情况还在恶化。

B |          所谓内存墙，是指GPU速度不断提升，但存储数据的高带宽内存却无法跟上其速度而导致的瓶颈。    会议展示的最新HBM封装技术上，两颗GPU与八颗12层HBM4集成于一体，其中约90%半导体面积都用于存储，存储面积是GPU的8倍多。

C | 芯片内部空间几乎全被存储占据，这正是用面积换带宽所付出的代价，也是内存墙问题日益严峻的直观体现。     拉古指出，AI加速器计算性能以每两年3倍速度发展，但同期HBM发展速度不到每两年2倍。这解释了高带宽内存为何还是喂不饱GPU，无论计算设备速度多快，数据通道狭窄终将因供给过慢而停滞。    硬件上，当前HBM制造相同存储容量消耗的晶圆数量约为普通DDR5的3倍。拉古强调，技术升级越快芯片尺寸越大、堆叠层数越多，这一差距还在扩大，内存行业将持续面临短缺。     散热方面，HBM是多层堆叠结构，底层产生的热量最多，但热量必须穿透所有堆叠层才能到达顶部的冷却系统，这使得散热效率大打折扣，液冷和芯片超薄技术正提供解决方案。    拉古表示，HBM的挑战需要内存厂商、GPU设计商、代工厂和封装厂商共同协作才能解决。                   

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